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In America, seldom do you go anywhere without hearing a principle called WIN-WIN. It sounds strange to me at first because throughout my childhood, I have always been taught to try everything possible to win an upper-hand, rather than to help other people win. However, as time goes by, I have gradually understood the essence (真諦) of WIN-WIN principle—it is the way of winning on both sides.
When I was little, I used to play Chinese checkers (跳棋) which includes two basic tactics (戰術): One is to create paths for yourself; the other is to prevent your rival﹙對手﹚ moving. Players may use these two totally different ways in the game, but the key for the player to win is to continuously create paths for him even if his rival may take advantage of it. Finally he can always reach the goal a few steps ahead of the other player.
In the 1990s, a strategy﹙戰略﹚ called WIN-WIN became widespread in the western world. Its aim is to achieve your success while giving other people some advantages, so there is no real loser. One example of using the WIN-WIN principle is the voluntary system in the US. Most Americans support the spirit of voluntary contribution. In the US, schools and children organizations usually encourage and support kids to take part in community activities so that the voluntary spirit can be enrooted in their minds from childhood.
In China, it’s quite usual that some people are too selfish and never take people’s interests into consideration, while someone who really has courage to do something for the public is often called “foolish” or “silly”. Actually helping other people can be of great delight for the helper, for he can also learn something useful for his life such as sympathy, care, devotion, etc. So only if you take other people’s interests into consideration , you can make sure to win what you want.
【小題1】The purpose of the author in writing the passage is _______.

Once a baby cries, the parents will go to see what happened as soon as possible. According to a new study, a baby’s cry can make adults react very quickly, even if they are not related(相關的).
Oxford University researchers used a game called Whack-a-mole for the study. The game needs people to hit one buttons(按鈕). The players must react as quickly as they can to hit the button that lights up at random(隨機的). It is a game that requires speed and accuracy(準確度).
The study included 40 men and women volunteers aged 19 to 59. Some of them had sons or daughters but none had a baby at the time. They played whack-a-mole after listening to different sounds, including babies’ crying, the crying of adults in trouble and birds’ song that sounds like babies’ crying.
The volunteer’ scores  were higher after listening to the sound of crying babies. Men and women had similar scores. The results showed that a crying baby gets special attention.
“Few sounds make people react quite like the cry of a baby,” said Morten Kringelbach of Oxford’s psychiatry department, who led the study.
He added that a baby’s cry can increase adults’ heart rate and blood pressure. This is understandable, because in the course of human evolution(進化), taking care of babies has always been an important job for adults. When a baby is hungry or feeling bored or unwell, it will cry. As a result, human brains and bodies develop a special reaction to a baby’s cry.
【小題1】According to the passage, how many volunteers took part in the study?